Nonrepudiation protects against repudiation by either the sender or the receiver of the data. Authentication means to identify and authenticate the party at the other end of the line. Data integrity is to protect data from modification, insertion, deletion, and replaying. Data confidentiality is to protect data from disclosure attack. We mentioned five security services: data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation, and access control. Examples of active attacks are modification, masquerading, replaying, repudiation, and denial of service.ģ. Attacks that threaten the integrity and availability are active attacks. An active attack may change the data or harm the system. Examples of passive attacks are snooping and traffic analysis. This means that the attack does not modify data or harm the system. In a passive attack, the attacker’s goal is just to obtain information. Availability means that information needs to be available to authorized entities. Integrity means that changes to the information need to be done only by authorized entities. Confidentiality means protecting confidential information. The three security goals are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Sh is s a Co re tud ur d v y se ia re so H er ur o.
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